Theoretical Approaches to International Development Essay

Theoretical Approaches to International Development - Essay Example Although the world bodies on development argue that poverty has been reduced, the rates of under-development are still too high in many countries. World Bank argue that world population living in poverty has reduced tremendously in the past as a result of implementation of development policies on poor countries. This implies that if their data is correct, the world has attained one of the millennium development goals of reducing poverty levels by 50%. This review of international development approaches has considered three articles by Onis and Senses, Leftwich, and Kiely. These authors have analysed various features of development and approaches in measuring equality. This review covers a summary of key points raised by the authors, analysis of their strengths and weaknesses and comment based on these authors’ articles. Onis and Senses in their article, â€Å"Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus,† have analysed the outcomes of new Post Washington consensus as a development debate. The authors have also analysed the new development orthodoxy that advocated for a new development model based on the fact that individualisation should be primary, outward orientation, liberalisation of market, and state contradiction. According to them, the state is viewed as the cause of retarded development. States are viewed as causing delay in development through many sectors they have created. These sectors make development processes longer (Onis and Senses, 2005, p. 264). Neoliberal orthodoxy was supported by ‘new political economy’ model which was opposed to sectors claiming that they were supporting majority interests. In essence, ‘new political economy’ model fostered individualism. Later, there were challenges that were noted in development by the use of neoliberal orthodoxy that led to the rise of Post-Washington Consensus. This consensus emphasised the importance of the state in development. It represented critical anal ysis of former paradigms in development i.e. national developmentalism and neoliberalism. This new approach recognises the place of the state in development but also emphasises the need for the state to avoid failures in the market. Post-Washington Consensus is challenged by its narrow look of issues related to market (Onis and Senses, 2005, p. 279). The agenda of this consensus is not adopted by Bretton Woods institutions like IMF. Onis and Senses conclude that there still are inequalities that are resulting in poverty even with Post-Washington Consensus (Onis and Senses, 2005, p. 287). Onis and Sense’s article has analysed various development models distinguishing their efficiency. However, their argument does not show explicitly the most favourable methods towards development. They cited different challenges of each models but never came with a recommendation of one. Kiely’s article is an evaluation of whether there has been any significant reduction in poverty leve ls. Kiely criticises the World Bank’s report that population living in absolute poverty were reduced by 400 million from 1.4billion in 1980. Other researchers indicate that poverty levels were reduced to 18% by the year 2000 from 46% in 1980. His work is a criticism of the definition of absolute poverty, which World Bank defines as Purchasing Power Parity. He claims that this method was just aimed at creating optimism of having achieved reduction in poverty level. Kiely criticises the method of measuring poverty level by Purchasing Power Parity saying that prices of commodities are likely to change in different

Contracts & Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contracts & Procurement - Essay Example This hotel will have the main reception, lounge bar, restaurant and function/conference facilities. Apart from this, there is a proposal to construct two extension buildings. One of these will be utilised to accommodate 100 bedrooms and associated facilities, while the second one will be used to house a country club consisting of a swimming pool, sports hall and gym with associated facilities such as reception, changing areas, bar and a bistro restaurant. A part of the remaining land will be used to build a golf course. The existing Whitegates Lodge will be converted to a clubhouse. development is complete. With their expertise and market experience, the directors are sure to attract more clientele, increasing revenue considerably. However, they are grounded by the fact that they do not have the necessary skills to successfully manage the design and construction of their proposed project. They have limited awareness of the various reviews of the problems of the construction industry, and the resulting recommendations to solve them. They seek the professional guidance of Richard Arton Associates, a famous project management consultancy in that locality. The consortium is aware that they must keep in mind the consequence of such a project within the local area and are keen to use the development stage to create a positive image within it. A prestigious, high quality development, the directors are prepared to meet the financial costs to see this project take-off. However, they don't the cost to escalate and lead to operational complications later on as has happened on many high profile projects, but would like the project to be completed early so that their venture can begin to generate income from the facility. 2.0 Introduction There are many factors that can help implement a project successfully. Of these, we can broadly base the most important categories under: 1. Project-related factors 2. Project procedures 3. Project management actions 4. Human-related factors 5. External environment Heriot developments are in the process of launching their prestigious hotel and club project. They have acquired a prime property which was earlier owned by the Watt family. The 35 acre property came along with two buildings that could be used to begin the consortium's business launch. This is a major boost to the consortium's plan to set up a hotel and club there. The fact that the Watt property provided ample space to innovate and was located on the peripheral of the town gave Heriot developers unrestricted access to movement of machinery and labour. There would be no sort of obstruction of city life, which could have been a thorn in their flesh. On the whole, the property that the partners bought from the Watt's is definitely worthwhile. The recommendations of the directors of Heriot, who are all by profession, experienced caterers and other wings of the hospitality industry, to start a hotel and club is most feasible.